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The general format for references, including punctuation

1. Journals

• citing journal articles
  
   
  Examples:
   
  • Domanski G, Konarzewski B, Pawlowski Z, Zaremba K, Marzec J, Trybula A, Kurjata R. The use of the Monte Carlo method to determine optical parameters of tissue. Pol J Med Phys Eng. 2007;13(1):23-32.
     
  • Petitti DB, Crooks VC, Buckwalter JG, Chiu V. Blood pressure levels before dementia. Arch Neurol. 2005 Jan;62(1):112-6.
     
  • Hallal AH, Amortegui JD, Jeroukhimov IM, Casillas J, Schulman CI, Manning RJ, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography accurately detects common bile duct stones in resolving gallstone pancreatitis. J Am Coll Surg. 2005 Jun;200(6):869-75.
     
  • American Diabetes Association. Diabetes update. Nursing. 2003 Nov;Suppl:19-20, 24.
     
  • Nyporko AIu, Demchuk ON, Blium IaB. [Analysis of structural characteristics of alpha-tubulins in plants with enhanced cold tolerance]. Tsitol Genet. 2003 Nov-Dec;37(6):3-11. Russian.
     
  • Ni H, Qing D, Kaisa S, Lu J. [The study on the effect of LBP on cleaning hydroxygen free radical by EPR technique]. Zhong Yao Cai. 2004 Aug;27(8):599-600. Chinese.
     
  • Doherty DE, Briggs DD Jr. Long-term nonpharmacologic management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Cornerstone. 2004;Suppl 2:S29-34.
     
• citing parts of journal articles
  
   
• citing forthcoming ("in press") journal articles
  
   

2. Books

• citing entire books
  
   
• citing individual volumes of books with a separate title but without separate authors/editors
  
   
• citing individual volumes of books with a separate title and separate authors/editors
  
   
• citing parts of books
  
   
• citing contributions to books
  
   
• citing forthcoming ("in press") books
  
   

3. Conference Publications

• citing conference proceedings with a title for the book of proceedings as well as a conference title
  
   
• citing conference proceedings with only a conference title
  
   
• citing conference papers with a title for the book of proceedings as well as a conference title
  
   
• citing conference papers with only a conference title
  
   

4. Scientific and Technical Reports

• citing entire reports written and published by the sponsoring organization
  
   
• citing entire reports written by the performing organization and published by the sponsoring organization
  
   
• citing entire reports written and published by the performing organization
  
   

5. Dissertations and Theses

• citing entire dissertations
  
   
• citing entire masters' theses
  
   
• citing parts of dissertations
  
   
• citing parts of masters' theses
  
   

6. Web sites

• citing homepages
  
   
• parts of web sites
  
   

Please consult NLM’s Citing Medicine for detailed information on recommended formats for a variety of reference types.